Rats In Attic Exposure Prevention And Removal Guide

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rats in attic - Kesimpulan
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Attics serve as hidden sanctuaries for rats, where infestations escalate undetected, posing severe health and structural risks to homes. Understanding the subtle yet critical signs of rodent activity—from droppings and gnaw marks to nocturnal scratching—is the first step in mitigating damage before it compromises safety. This guide dissects the science behind rat behavior, the diseases they transmit, and the systematic approaches to eradication, ensuring homeowners can act with precision and compliance.

Beyond immediate threats like fire hazards from chewed wiring or weakened structural supports, rats introduce pathogens through aerosolized urine and feces, demanding rigorous sanitization protocols. Legal restrictions on rodenticides further complicate control efforts, necessitating a balanced strategy that prioritizes humane methods, ethical considerations, and long-term prevention. By integrating surveillance, containment, and remediation, property owners can reclaim attic spaces while safeguarding occupants from both visible and invisible dangers.

Identifying and Confirming Rat Infestation in Attics

Rats in attics pose significant risks to structural integrity, sanitation, and human health due to disease transmission and property damage. Accurate identification of their presence is critical for timely intervention. Physical signs such as droppings, gnaw marks, and nests provide primary evidence, while tracking movement through digital or traditional methods offers further confirmation. Differentiating rat activity from other rodents requires attention to size, material preferences, and behavioral patterns.

Physical Signs of Rat Infestation in Attics

Rats leave distinct traces that can be categorized into direct evidence (droppings, nests, burrows) and indirect evidence (gnaw marks, noise, grease marks). The most reliable indicators include:

- Droppings:

  • Size and Shape: Rat droppings are 12–18 mm long, spindle-shaped, and dark brown/black, often with a tapered end. Mouse droppings are 5–7 mm, smaller and more uniform.
  • Location: Found in clusters near food sources (e.g., insulation, stored items), along walls, or in dark corners. Fresh droppings are moist and leave a greasy smear when crushed.
  • Color Variations: Urine-stained droppings may appear yellowish or discolored, while older droppings fade to gray.

    • - Gnaw Marks and Damage:

  • Teeth Marks: Rats have incisors capable of gnawing through wood, drywall, and electrical wiring, leaving clean, 30–60-degree angles (mice leave sharper, 45-degree cuts). Inspect for:
  • Chewed insulation (frayed edges).
  • Holes in drywall (typically 2–3 inches wide).
  • Damaged electrical wires (exposed copper or frayed plastic).
  • Grease Marks: Rats leave rubbery, greasy smears along walls and beams from their fur and oils, often 2–4 inches above the floor.

    • - Nests and Burrows:

  • Nest Materials: Rats construct nests using shredded paper, fabric, insulation, or plant fibers, often 12+ inches in diameter and lined with soft materials. Mice use silkier materials (cotton, soft paper) and build smaller nests (3–5 inches).
  • Burrow Locations: Rats prefer hidden, enclosed spaces such as:
  • Behind ventilation ducts.
  • Within wall voids (accessed through gnawed holes).
  • Under roof shingles or soffits.
  • Noise: Rats produce deep, scratching sounds (like sandpaper) when moving, while mice emit high-pitched squeaks or scurries.

    • Tracking Rat Movement in Attics

    Monitoring rat activity involves direct observation methods (flour trails, footprints) and digital tracking (motion sensors, trail cameras). Environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, and food availability influence their movement patterns.

    - Traditional Tracking Methods

  • Flour or Cornmeal Trails:
  • Procedure: Sprinkle a thin layer of flour or cornmeal along potential entry points (e.g., baseboards, pipes, beams) and inspect for footprints or smears after 24–48 hours.
  • Placement Strategy:
  • Focus on high-traffic areas (near food sources, along walls).
  • Avoid placing trails in high-moisture areas (rats avoid wet surfaces).
  • Use white flour for contrast against dark attic surfaces.
  • Limitations: Rats may avoid flour if it resembles a potential threat (e.g., pesticide residue).

    • - Footprint Tracking:

  • Materials: Use petroleum jelly or non-toxic tracking powder (e.g., baby powder) on cardboard strips placed along walls or beams.
  • Rat Footprint Characteristics:
  • Size: 1.5–2 inches long, with five toes on the hind foot (mice have four toes).
  • Pattern: Parallel tracks (rats walk in straight lines), unlike mice, which leave random, erratic patterns.

    • - Digital Tracking Methods

  • Motion Sensors and Trail Cameras:
  • Placement: Install PIR motion sensors or infrared cameras near:
  • Entry points (e.g., gaps in siding, roof vents).
  • Food sources (e.g., stored boxes, insulation).
  • Dark corners (rats avoid open spaces).
  • Environmental Considerations:
  • Temperature Sensitivity: Rats are active year-round but may reduce movement in extreme cold (below 40°F/4°C).
  • Humidity: High humidity can corrode sensor components; use weatherproof models.
  • Data Interpretation:
  • Frequency: Multiple detections in short intervals (e.g., 3–5 triggers per hour) suggest active infestation.
  • Time Patterns: Rats are nocturnal; peak activity occurs 1–3 hours after sunset.

    • Checklist for Documenting Rat Activity in Attics

    Systematic documentation of observations aids in assessing infestation severity and monitoring treatment efficacy. Below is a structured table for homeowners to record findings:
    Date Location Sign Type Severity (1-5) Notes
    YYYY-MM-DD Attic corner / Near HVAC duct / Behind insulation Droppings (cluster of 15+) 3 (Moderate) Fresh, moist droppings near stored cardboard boxes.
    YYYY-MM-DD Roof soffit / Along beam Gnaw marks (wood) 4 (Severe) 30-degree angle cuts, exposed wiring.
    YYYY-MM-DD Ventilation duct Nest (shredded insulation) 5 (Critical) 18-inch diameter, lined with fabric scraps.
    YYYY-MM-DD Motion sensor (east wall) Activity log (5 triggers, 2 AM) 2 (Mild) Nocturnal pattern confirmed.
    Severity Scale:
    1 (Minimal): Isolated droppings or minor gnaw marks.
    2 (Low): Occasional signs, no structural damage.
    3 (Moderate): Frequent droppings, nests, or moderate gnawing.
    4 (Severe): Extensive damage, multiple entry points.
    5 (Critical): Active nests, wiring damage, or disease risk.

    Differentiating Rat Activity from Other Rodents

    Misidentifying rodents can lead to ineffective pest control. Key distinctions between rats, mice, and squirrels include nest materials, burrow shapes, noise patterns, and droppings.

    - Comparison Table: Rat vs. Mouse vs. Squirrel

    Feature Rat (Norway/Rooftop) Mouse Squirrel
    Droppings 12–18 mm, spindle-shaped, dark brown/black 5–7 mm, small, uniform, gray 10–20 mm, cylindrical, often found near entry points
    Nest Materials Shredded paper, fabric, insulation (12+ inches) Silk, cotton, soft paper (3–5 inches) Leaves, twigs, dry grass (large, bulky)
    Gnaw Marks

    Health Risks and Diseases Associated with Attic Rats

    Rats inhabiting attics pose significant health and structural hazards due to their close proximity to living spaces. Their presence introduces pathogens through direct contact, aerosolized contaminants, and physical damage to property. Understanding these risks—ranging from zoonotic diseases to fire hazards—is critical for homeowners, property managers, and pest control professionals to mitigate exposure and prevent long-term consequences.

    Attic infestations amplify health risks because confined spaces trap urine, feces, and nesting materials, increasing airborne transmission. Rats also chew through insulation, wiring, and structural supports, creating additional safety hazards. Below, the primary diseases transmitted by attic rats are detailed, followed by an analysis of exposure pathways, structural dangers, and necessary safety protocols for remediation.

    Zoonotic Diseases Transmitted by Attic Rats

    Rats serve as reservoirs for over 35 pathogens, several of which are particularly dangerous when exposure occurs in enclosed attics. The most clinically significant diseases include hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS), leptospirosis, salmonellosis, and rat-bite fever (RBF). These pathogens are introduced via inhalation of aerosolized urine/droppings, direct contact with contaminated surfaces, or bites. Attics exacerbate risk due to poor ventilation, which prolongs airborne contaminants and increases the likelihood of human contact during cleaning or maintenance.

    Below is a comparative breakdown of transmission paths, symptoms, and prevention strategies for key rat-associated diseases:

    Disease Transmission Path Symptoms Prevention Method
    Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome (HPS) Inhalation of aerosolized rodent urine, droppings, or saliva; rarely through bites.
    Attic risk: Disturbing nesting materials (e.g., shredded insulation) releases infectious particles.    		 Fever, muscle aches, headaches, followed by severe respiratory distress (50% fatality if untreated).
    Symptoms appear 1–5 weeks post-exposure.
    • Seal attic entry points to prevent rodent access.
    • Use NIOSH-approved respirators (N95 or higher) when cleaning.
    • Avoid sweeping or vacuuming without dampening dust (reduces aerosolization).
    • Disinfect with bleach solution (1:10 ratio) or EPA-approved rodenticides.
    Leptospirosis Direct contact with rat urine (e.g., through cuts, mucous membranes) or ingestion of contaminated water/food.
    Attic risk: Urine in insulation or near water pipes increases exposure during repairs.    		 Flu-like symptoms (fever, chills), jaundice, kidney failure, or meningitis in severe cases.
    Incubation period: 2–26 days.
    • Wear waterproof gloves and goggles when handling attic materials.
    • Disinfect urine-contaminated areas with quaternary ammonium compounds.
    • Vaccination for high-risk individuals (e.g., pest control workers).
    Salmonellosis Ingestion of food/beverages contaminated by rat feces or direct contact with infected surfaces.
    Attic risk: Droppings near food storage areas (e.g., attic pantries) or on tools used for repairs.    		 Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, and vomiting within 6 hours to 6 days post-exposure.
    • Store food in airtight containers and elevate storage areas.
    • Wash hands thoroughly after handling attic materials.
    • Disinfect surfaces with bleach or phenolic disinfectants.
    Rat-Bite Fever (RBF) Bites or scratches from infected rats; rare but severe.
    Attic risk: Cornered rats may bite during handling or trapping attempts.    		 Fever, rash, joint pain, and recurring symptoms if untreated.
    Two strains: Streptobacillus moniliformis (classic RBF) and Spirillum minus (sodoku).
    • Avoid direct handling of live rats; use humane traps with gloves.
    • Seek immediate medical attention for bites/wounds.
    • Dispose of dead rats using thick gloves and sealed containers.

    Indirect vs. Direct Exposure Risks in Attic Infestations

    Exposure to rat-borne pathogens in attics occurs through two primary pathways: indirect (inhalation or contact with contaminated materials) and direct (bites, scratches, or ingestion). Indirect exposure is more common and poses a broader risk to occupants, while direct exposure is less frequent but often more severe. The table below contrasts these risks, emphasizing the unique dangers posed by attic environments where ventilation is limited and contaminants accumulate.
    Exposure Type Pathway Attic-Specific Risks Mitigation Strategies
    Indirect Exposure
    • Inhalation of aerosolized urine/droppings (e.g., during cleaning).
    • Contact with contaminated dust or nesting materials.
    • Poor attic ventilation traps pathogens, increasing airborne concentration.
    • Disturbing nests (e.g., shredded insulation) releases hantavirus particles.
    • Contaminated dust settles on HVAC systems, spreading throughout the home.
    • Use HEPA vacuums or damp mops to avoid aerosolization.
    • Wear NIOSH-approved respirators (e.g., N95 for hantavirus).
    • Seal attic entry points to limit rodent access and reduce nesting.
    Direct Exposure
    • Bites or scratches from live rats.
    • Ingestion of food/beverages contaminated by rat feces.
    • Cornered rats in attics may bite during handling or trapping.
    • Food stored in attics (e.g., pantries) is at higher risk of fecal contamination.
    • Open wounds or mucous membranes increase susceptibility.
    • Use humane traps with thick gloves; avoid bare-handed contact.
    • Store food in sealed, rodent-proof containers.
    • Clean wounds immediately with soap and water; seek medical attention for bites.

    Structural Hazards Caused by Attic Rats

    Beyond health risks, rats compromise attic integrity through gnawing, nesting, and fire hazards. Their behavior weakens structural supports, damages electrical systems, and creates fire risks from chewed insulation or nesting materials. Below are key structural hazards, supported by case studies and safety code violations commonly associated with rat infestations.

    Rats chew materials with incisors that grow continuously, requiring them to gnaw to maintain tooth length. Common targets include:

  • Electrical wiring: Insulation damage increases short-circuit risks (leading cause of attic fires).
  • Wooden beams and joists: Nesting weakens structural supports, posing collapse risks.

  • Humane and Chemical Rat Control Methods for Attics

    Effective rat control in attics requires a balanced approach that considers efficacy, safety, and ethical implications. Humane methods prioritize live capture and exclusion, minimizing harm to rodents while addressing infestations sustainably. Chemical rodenticides, though potent, pose risks to non-target species, pets, and children, necessitating careful consideration of legal and environmental constraints. This section compares humane and chemical control strategies, outlines installation protocols for humane traps, and provides a detailed guide for sealing attic entry points to prevent reinfestation.

    Comparison of Humane and Chemical Rat Control Methods

    The choice between humane and chemical rat control methods depends on factors such as infestation severity, attic accessibility, legal restrictions, and ethical preferences. Below is a structured comparison of efficacy, cost, and ethical considerations for each approach, presented in tabular format.
    Method Efficacy Cost Ethical Considerations Safety Concerns Reinvasion Risk Legal Restrictions
    Humane Traps (Live Capture)
    • Moderate to high efficacy for active infestations, provided traps are correctly baited and monitored.
    • Effectiveness declines in severe infestations where rats avoid traps due to stress or learned avoidance.
    • Requires frequent checks (daily) to prevent stress or injury to captured rats.
    • Initial cost: $10–$50 per trap (plastic or wire).
    • Long-term cost: Minimal if traps are reused; additional costs for bait and relocation.
    • Ethically preferred as it avoids lethal methods and allows for relocation.
    • Requires responsible release of rats away from residential areas to prevent re-entry.
    • No chemical hazards, but risk of injury to humans or pets if traps are improperly handled.
    • Stress to captured rats if not monitored promptly.
    		 High if entry points are not sealed post-capture. No restrictions, but local wildlife or animal control regulations may apply to relocation.
    Electronic Devices (High-Voltage Traps)
    • High efficacy for targeted rats; immediate kill reduces suffering.
    • Less effective in large infestations due to limited trap capacity.
    • Initial cost: $50–$200 per device.
    • Operational cost: Minimal (batteries or electricity).
    • Considered more humane than chemical poisons due to instantaneous death.
    • Ethical concerns may arise if non-target species (e.g., pets) are exposed.
    • Electrical hazard if misused; requires proper installation.
    • No chemical residues, reducing secondary poisoning risks.
    		 High if entry points remain unsealed. Generally unrestricted, but some regions regulate electronic pest control devices.
    Anticoagulant Rodenticides (e.g., Warfarin, Bromadiolone)
    • High efficacy for large infestations; slow-acting (3–7 days) allows time for consumption by multiple rats.
    • Risk of resistance development in prolonged use.
    • Initial cost: $20–$100 per bait station or block.
    • Long-term cost: Low, but requires replenishment.
    • Ethical concerns due to lethal method and potential for secondary poisoning (e.g., pets consuming poisoned rats).
    • Non-target species (e.g., birds, pets) may ingest bait.
    • High risk of secondary poisoning to predators or scavengers.
    • Toxicity to children and pets if bait is accessible.
    		 Moderate; may reduce population but does not prevent reinvasion.
    Legal Restrictions: Many U.S. states (e.g., California, New York) restrict or ban second-generation anticoagulants (e.g., bromadiolone, difethialone) in residential areas. Always verify local regulations before use.
    Fast-Acting Poisons (e.g., Cholecalciferol, Bromethalin)
    • Rapid kill (within hours to days) reduces suffering.
    • Lower risk of resistance compared to anticoagulants.
    • Cost: $30–$150 per bait station or block.
    • Ethical concerns similar to anticoagulants, but faster action may mitigate prolonged suffering.
    • High risk of non-target exposure.
    • Secondary poisoning risk to predators.
    • Toxicity to children and pets if bait is accessible.
    		 Moderate; does not address entry points.
    Legal Restrictions: Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) is less regulated but may still require labeling for residential use. Bromethalin is restricted in some states (e.g., California) due to neurotoxic risks.

    Installation and Monitoring of Humane Traps in Attics

    Humane traps are most effective when strategically placed near rat activity signs (e.g., droppings, gnaw marks, nests) and baited with attractive, non-toxic substances. Proper installation reduces stress on captured rats and maximizes capture rates. Below are key steps for safe and effective trap deployment.

    Bait Selection and Preparation
    Rats are attracted to high-calorie, high-protein, or high-fat baits. Common effective options include:

  • Peanut butter: Sticky and difficult to steal; mix with dried fruit or cereal for added appeal.
  • Dried fruit (e.g., raisins, apricots): High in sugar; place near trap edges to encourage entry.
  • Chocolate or nuts: Avoid cocoa-based baits in warm attics (melting can ruin traps).
  • Pet food (e.g., wet cat/dog food): Use sparingly to avoid attracting pets.
    • Warning: Avoid using meat or fish-based baits, as they may attract non-target predators (e.g., raccoons, cats) or decompose in heat.
    Trap Placement Strategies
    1. Identify Entry Points and Nests
  • Use flashlights to locate rat trails, droppings, or gnawed materials (e.g., insulation, wiring).
  • Place traps perpendicular to walls (rats prefer running along edges) or along runways.

    • 2. Position Traps Near Activity Signs

  • Along walls: Rats avoid open spaces; place traps 1–2 feet from walls or pipes.
  • Near nests: Set traps within 3–5 feet of nesting sites (e.g., under insulation piles).
  • Close to entry points: Block off one entry point while trapping near another to funnel rats into traps.

    • 3. Secure Traps to Prevent Theft

    Attic Sanitization and Remediation After Rat Removal

    Post-rat removal, attics require systematic sanitization to eliminate residual pathogens, structural hazards, and lingering odors. Improper remediation increases risks of reinfestation, airborne disease transmission, and long-term property degradation. This protocol ensures thorough decontamination, material disposal compliance, and structural restoration while balancing cost-effective DIY measures with professional intervention thresholds.

    Deep-Cleaning Protocol for Attic Decontamination

    A multi-stage cleaning process targets biological contaminants (urine, feces, saliva) and physical debris. Ventilation must precede disinfection to disperse airborne pathogens, while disinfectants are selected based on pathogen type (e.g., Leptospira bacteria require enzymatic cleaners; norovirus may need bleach). Always wear N95 respirators, gloves, and goggles during handling.

    Disinfectant Selection and Application:

  • Bleach Solutions (Sodium Hypochlorite):
  • Concentration: 1:10 dilution (1 part bleach to 9 parts water) for general surfaces; 1:100 for porous materials (risk of corrosion).
  • Effectiveness: Kills most bacteria/viruses but degrades in organic matter (e.g., urine). Requires 10-minute contact time.
  • Limitations: Ineffective against Hantavirus (use 10% bleach + 30% hydrogen peroxide + 70% water for high-risk areas).
  • Application: Spray undiluted on hard surfaces (metal, concrete), then wipe with diluted solution. Avoid wood/insulation unless pre-treated with a sealant.

    • - Enzymatic Cleaners:

  • Use Case: Breaks down organic proteins in urine/feces (e.g., Bio-Clean, Nature’s Miracle).
  • Advantages: Safe for porous materials, eliminates odors, and reduces allergen load.
  • Application: Spray generously on contaminated areas, let sit for 24–48 hours, then scrub and rinse.

    • - Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (Quats):

  • Example: Disinfecting wipes with benzalkonium chloride.
  • Effectiveness: Kills bacteria/fungi but not spores or viruses. Ideal for post-cleaning touchpoints (tools, light fixtures).

    • Ventilation Requirements:

  • Mechanical Ventilation: Use HEPA-filtered fans or open attic vents for 48+ hours post-disinfection to ensure pathogen dispersion.
  • Natural Ventilation: If feasible, maintain cross-ventilation (e.g., open opposing vents) for 72 hours to reduce humidity and prevent mold growth.
  • Air Quality Monitoring: Deploy CO₂ monitors or particulate sensors (e.g., Dylos DC1100) to confirm airborne contaminant clearance before reoccupying the space.

    • Removal and Disposal of Contaminated Materials

    Infested materials (insulation, nesting debris, chewed wood) may harbor biohazardous pathogens and require specialized disposal. Improper handling risks secondary contamination or legal penalties under hazardous waste regulations (e.g., EPA’s Universal Waste Rule for rodent carcasses).

    Step-by-Step Disposal Protocol:
    1. Segregation by Contamination Level:

  • High-Risk (Biohazard): Rat carcasses, blood-soaked materials, or items with visible mold (e.g., Hantavirus-prone materials).
  • Packaging: Double-bag in leak-proof, puncture-resistant bags (e.g., 6-mil polyethylene).
  • Labeling: Mark as "Biohazardous Waste – Rodent Contamination" per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1200.
  • Low-Risk (General Debris): Urine-stained insulation, chewed cardboard.
  • Packaging: Standard contractor bags; no special labeling unless local ordinances require it.

    • 2. Local Waste Disposal Guidelines:

  • Biohazardous Waste: Contact local health departments or medical waste disposal services (e.g., Stericycle, Sharps Compliance). Some jurisdictions mandate incineration for carcasses.
  • General Debris: Check municipal bulk waste pickup schedules or landfill regulations. Example:
  • Los Angeles: Requires separate disposal of animal waste (City Code §11.73).
  • New York: Mandates double-bagging for rodent-related debris (DEC Guidelines).
  • Recyclables: Even contaminated paper/cardboard cannot be recycled post-urine exposure due to cross-contamination risks.

    • 3. Disposal of Insulation and Drywall:

  • Fiberglass/Batt Insulation: Discard entire batches if urine-soaked (cannot be sanitized). Replace with moisture-resistant insulation (e.g., closed-cell spray foam).
  • Drywall: Cut out 6-inch margins around chewed/urine-stained sections. Dispose of as construction debris unless mold is confirmed (then treat as biohazard).

    • Critical Note:

    Never burn contaminated materials on-site. Open-air burning releases aerosolized pathogens (e.g., Hantavirus, Salmonella) and violates Clean Air Act regulations in most U.S. states.

    Decontamination of Personal Items Exposed to Rat Contamination

    Stored boxes, tools, and textiles may retain urine proteins, allergens, or pathogens even after rat removal. The following table outlines item-specific remediation based on material type and contamination severity.
    Item Type Cleaning Method Disinfectant Drying Time
    Paper/Cardboard Boxes
    1. Vacuum external surfaces with HEPA vacuum to remove debris.
    2. Wipe down with damp microfiber cloth (avoid soaking to prevent structural weakening).
    3. Spray interior/exterior with 1:10 bleach solution or enzymatic cleaner.
    4. Air-dry in direct sunlight (UV deactivates pathogens) or under fan ventilation.
    		 Bleach (1:10) or enzymatic cleaner 24–48 hours (sunlight reduces time)
    Fabric Items (Clothing, Bedding)
    1. Pre-treat stains with hydrogen peroxide (3%) for 10 minutes (test on hidden area first).
    2. Wash in hot water (60°C/140°F) with bleach-based detergent (e.g., Clorox 2) or vinegar + baking soda (for odor).
    3. Dry in hot cycle (kills remaining pathogens) or sun-dry.
    4. For leather/vinyl items, use 70% isopropyl alcohol wipes followed by leather conditioner.
    		 Bleach-based detergent or 70% alcohol 24 hours (hot drying)
    Wooden Tools/Utensils
    1. Scrub with stiff brush and soapy water to remove debris.
    2. Disinfect with 10% bleach solution (apply with spray bottle, avoid oversaturation).
    3. Rinse and dry immediately to prevent wood warping.
    4. Apply food-grade mineral oil to restore finish (optional).
    		 Bleach (10%) or quaternary ammonia 12–24 hours (depends on wood type)
    Electronics (Wiring, Circuit Boards)
    1. Power off and unplug devices. Use compressed air to remove debris from vents/ports.
    2. Wipe with 70% isopropyl alcohol

      The battle against rats in attics is not merely about elimination but about restoring security and hygiene through informed action. From deploying motion sensors to sealing entry points with precision, each step in this process requires vigilance and adherence to best practices. Health risks, structural vulnerabilities, and legal constraints underscore the necessity of a multi-faceted approach—one that combines humane trapping, thorough decontamination, and proactive maintenance. By following structured protocols, homeowners can transform infested attics into protected, rodent-free zones, ensuring peace of mind and property integrity for years to come.

    rats in attic - Kesimpulan

    rats in attic - Kesimpulan

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